CCD Primer

Binning
Bracket Pulsing
CCD Grading
Cosmic Rays
Dark Current
Deep Depletion CCD
Detection Modes
Dual Capacity Mode
Dual Readout Mode
Dynamic Range
Etaloning in CCDs
eXcelon CCD-EMCCD
UV Extension
Fiber Optics
Flat Fielding
Full Well Capacity
Gain
Image Calibration
Imager Architectures
Image Intensifiers
ITO CCD
Kinetics Mode
Linearity
Matching Resolution
MPP Mode
Noise Sources
On-chip Multiplication Gain
Open Poly CCD
Optical Window
PVCAM
Quantum Efficiency
Readout vs Frame Rate
Reducing Dark Current
Saturation/ Blooming
Signal to Noise Calculator
Signal to Noise Ratio
Spurious Charge
XP Cooling

Princeton Instruments PI·MAX is the first commercial ICCD, ( intensified CCD ) camera to provide MCP bracket pulsing in addition to photocathode gating for enhanced light transmission on/off ratio in UV measure-ments.

MCP bracket pulsing
Traditionally, intensified detectors discriminated against background signal by gating the photocathode. Although this technique yields very high peak Off/On ratios, on the order of 5 × 10 ⁶ to 1 in the visible, background signal can still prove troublesome in low-duty factor measurements, particularly in the UV region where the rejection is only ~10 ⁴ to 1. The PI·MAX allows bracket pulsing of the intensifier microchannel plate (MCP), in addition to the photocathode gating, to gain higher rejection (10 ⁶ :1) in UV measurements. Applications which can benefit from this improved design include LIF of flames, and nanosecond pump-probe experiments. The glass used to make an MCP has the additional property of exhibiting photoelectric response to UV photons. Photons transmitted by the photocathode can excite the release of electrons from the MCP. 'These electrons can be drawn to and absorbed by the photocathode if it is more positive (i.e., off) but some are attracted by the electric field of the MCP and pass through the MCP's holes, getting multiplied as they go. This is the dominant response of a GEN Il image intensifier to photons when the photocathode is electrically "off", i.e., it is the main source of leakage and thus reduced on/off ratio.

Once electrons emerge from the MCP, they are accelerated to a metal coated phosphor screen by 5 to 6,000 volts. The phosphor screen is metalized both so that it can act as an electrode and to make it optically opaque. The goal however, is for the electrons from the MCP to penetrate the electrode and deposit their energy, creating light which can be coupled to the CCD. If the metal layer is too thick, electrons will not pass through it, if it is too thin, it will be too transparent optically ( like metal reflecting sunglasses). The optimum metal layer is a compromise between these, and this compromise contributes to the high but not infinite on/off ratio of intensifiers.

Most experiments using laser induced fluorescence to probe combusting flows are performed in the UV. Atomic emission from flames also has significant UV content. If the flame is continuous, the UV background will also be continuous. Even where a flame is transient (e.g., internal combustion engine) its lifetime can be many seconds, compared to the nanosecond time scale of the lasers used. This background can last a million times as long. If the background is bright, then a UV on/off ratio of 20,000: l will be inadequate. For high dynamic range quantitative measurements, background must be kept to an absolute um. MCP bracket pulse gating dramatically improves the rejection of CW and even millisecond-time-scale background